In the mid-eighteenth century, colonisation was criticised on the grounds that profits from it were captured by private merchants that the colonies prospered in spite of not because of colonial policy, and that benefits accrued to the colonies and other foreign nations but not to the home...

Despite the deep resistance of economists to colonial expansion, the colonial phenomenon had numerous ardent supporters amongst the political, intellectual and industrial circles of Second Empire France. This pro-colonialist position would further blossom during the first years of the Third...

After the French revolution, the collapse of the French colonial empire is confirmed, even though at the beginning of the new century, Napoleon tried to subdue again lost colonies. This decline is accompanied by a very important criticism from economists, against the colonial institutions and...

The progress in wave energy conversion in Europe during the past ten years is reviewed and current activities and initiatives in the wave energy sector at National and Union level are described. Other important activities worldwide are summarized. The technical and economical status in wave...

[eng] Alain Clément - Combatting the idleness of the poor and sharpening their greed : The developmentalist advocacy of mercantilist and classical economists.. The mercantilist and classical authors who were the first to look at the causes of economic development privileged, for the most part,...

The first Poor Laws date back to the 16th century. One would have to go back to 1495 and 1531 to locate the first legislation (displaying above all a repressive character), in which vagabonds were punished, all public begging was outlawed and the poor were required to participate in public...