Strategies for reductions of emissions and depositions are described, with special regard for countries in transition. The influences of structural changes and energy-saving measures, as well as the effects of reductions of multiple pollutants, are analyzed for four countries in Central and...

The influence of energy-supply structure on emission-reduction costs for SO2 is outlined and evaluated. For this purpose, eight representative countries have been selected for analysing impacts due to different energy scenarios varying in final energy demand, fuel prices, assumed CO2-emission...

From a private investor's point of view transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms relate mainly to project management and interaction with government representatives. However, when analysing the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms these transaction costs are often...

During recent years, closed-end funds have become one of the dominant financing schemes for wind farms in Germany. Having evolved out of the traditional model of local citizen-financed wind farms (‘Bürgerwindpark’), closed-end wind funds can be seen as a logical consequence of the...

Local citizen participation schemes like the German "Bürgerwindparks" (citizen wind farm) have been an important vehicle to develop the wind energy business to its present state of market maturity. This article discusses ownership as an integrated part of the economic project design for...

Emission reduction strategies for air pollutants such as SO<SUB align="right"><SMALL>2</SMALL></SUB> and O<SUB align="right"><SMALL>x</SMALL></SUB> as well as for greenhouse gases (GHGs) usually do not consider the interdependencies between emission reduction measures. Taking into account the relevant energy, environmental and political framework it is the objective of this...</small></sub></small></sub>

Relations have been developed between total final energy consumption, GDP growth and population level for 24 Latin-American countries for the period 1970–1986. These relations have been used to forecast the future energy demand of the energy-consumption sectors for specified population growth...