Forestry projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) face specific challenges with regard to determination of a baseline for carbon sequestration. We propose a semi-standardized approach called PARAPIA for calculation of a baseline that is built on the concept of a reference area around...

With the introduction of the EU emissions trading system on 1 January 2005, the EU became the world leader in the implementation of a market mechanism in environmental policy. Through the project-based Kyoto mechanisms, the EU trading scheme is linked to the world greenhouse gas market; however,...

There is growing interest in the potential role that insurance-related instruments can play in the implementation of climate-change adaptation, particularly for the areas most affected and least able to absorb the negative effects of extreme weather events. Sufficient climate adaptation efforts...