Policies addressing air pollution from transport have in the past mainly focused on SO<SUB align="right">2</SUB>, NO<SUB align="right">x</SUB> and VOC through vehicle emission and fuel quality regulation. More recently however, CO<SUB align="right">2</SUB> emissions and particulates have come on the agenda because of global warming and the perception of the major role...</sub></sub></sub>

This paper examines the effects of replacing current fuel taxes by a system of taxes that account better for all the different external costs of the different transport modes. One of the important implications of this reform is that current fuel taxes are decreased to a level of 80 euro/ton of...

In this paper, we study the policy interactions between meeting a greenhouse gas emission constraint and local air pollution policies. We use a partial equilibrium model of a national energy market to address three questions. Firstly, what is the greenhouse gas emission reduction one can expect...

Bottom-up and top-down models are used to support climate policies, to identify the options required to meet GHG abatement targets and to evaluate their economic impact. Some studies have shown that the GHG mitigation options provided by economic top-down and technological bottom-up models tend...

Among economists and policy makers more general, the fuel efficiency standard for cars and the fuel tax have been the subject of extensive debate. The major benefits of stricter fuel efficiency standards and higher fuel taxes are the reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions and the reduced oil...