This article reviews and compares the results of four modelling case studies of urban road pricing implementation that were carried out for the MC-ICAM project. The studies all concern large cities in Western Europe (Paris, Brussels, Oslo and Helsinki) and they all examine phased implementation...

Consumers who believe that government will provide them with some public medical care, even if they did not purchase medical insurance, may choose to purchase no such insurance. The amount of medical care consumed will then be less than the first-best optimum. Under specified conditions...

This paper considers the theory of congestion tolls when the time valuations by different users are not identical. The conditions for an improvement in the aggregate consumers' surplus under a rise in user charge are investigated.

Because an expansion of roads will shift the demand curves for interdependent roads, it may appear difficult to determine the consumer surplus generated by road projects. An extensive literature discusses different measures of consumer surplus, and the conditions under which the different...