In this paper we introduce a piecewise parametric production model that may be used as a reference technology for efficiency gauging. We show that other piecewise reference technologies used in efficiency measuring are obtained as special cases of our model.

"This paper examines the impact of trade facilitation on intra-African trade. The authors examine the role of trade facilitation reforms, such as increased port efficiency, improved customs, and regulatory environments, and upgrading services infrastructure on trade between African countries....