RNA molecules interact by forming inter-molecular base pairs that compete with the intra-molecular base pairs of their secondary structures. We investigate the patterns of neutral mutations in RNAs whose function is the interaction with other RNAs, i.e. the co-folding with one or more other RNA...

Template-dependent replication at the molecular level is the basis of reproduction in nature. A detailed understanding of the peculiarities of the chemical reaction kinetics associated with replication processes is therefore an indispensible prerequisite for any understanding of evolution at the...

Our model of shaken sand, presented in earlier work, has been extended to include a more realistic 'glassy' state, i.e. when the sandbox is shaken at very low intensities of vibration. We revisit some of our earlier results, and compare them with our new results on the revised model. Our...

We characterize the distributions of short cycles in a large metabolic network previously shown to have small world characteristics and a power law degree distribution. Compared with three classes of random networks, including Erdős–Rényi random graphs and synthetic small world networks of...

Past research has traditionally argued that management control systems (MCSs) may present a hindrance to the creativity of innovation companies. This theoretical paper surveys the literature to focus an investigation on the MCSs of innovation companies. Within the object of control paradigm the...

Purpose Making rational and undistorted corporate investment decisions is critically important to organisations. “Scientific” investment appraisal can play a central role, particularly setting the hurdle rate. Empirical research reveals that actual rates generally exceed organisations’...

Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Bedeutung von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen ist beachtlich - bezogen auf die Anzahl aller Unternehmen, den Anteil der in ihnen beschäftigten Personen und durch sie realisierten Umsätze sind sie in der Unternehmenspraxis sogar dominierend. Controlling zur...

Springers Handbuch der Betriebswirtschaftslehre vermittelt in insgesamt 19 Beiträgen einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Gebiete der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Jeder Beitrag liefert eine verständliche Einführung in die Teilgebiete der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und eine Übersicht über...

Introduction to Management Accounting -- Accounting Information and Production Decisions -- Accounting Information and Pricing Decisions -- Decision-Making Under Uncertainty -- Cost Management -- Variance Analysis and Control -- Coordination, Budgeting and Incentives -- Transfer Prices and Cost...