Purpose: Large multinational companies (MNCs) are strongly formalized, often standardized and complex with multiple hierarchical levels. Over the past few decades, MNCs have strengthened their coordination and control systems by creating regional headquarters (RHQs). This study aims to...

Multinational companies use a wide range of mechanisms to keep control over a subsidiary abroad such as the share of capital in the case of international joint ventures, expatriation, active participation in the board of directors, staffing key management positions, training and socialization of...

The central research question investigated herein involves why and how multinational firms implement various instruments and mechanisms to maintain control over their subsidiaries in China. During 2005--2007, the authors interviewed expatriate managers in charge of 12 French and 10 Japanese...