Bilevel programming techniques are developed for decentralized decision problems with decision makers located in two levels. Both upper and lower decision makers, termed as leader and follower, try to optimize their own objectives in solution procedure but are affected by those of the other...

Customer classification is one of the major tasks in customer relationship management. Customers often have both static characteristics and dynamic behavioral features. Using both kinds of data to conduct comprehensive analysis can enhance the reasonability of customer classification. In the...

In a bilevel decision problem, both the leader and the follower may have multiple objectives, and the coefficients involved in these objective functions or constraints may be described by some uncertain values. To express such a situation, a fuzzy multi-objective bilevel (FMOBL) programming...

Within the framework of any bilevel decision problem, a leader's decision at the upper level is influenced by the reaction of their follower at the lower level. When multiple followers are involved in a bilevel decision problem, the leader's decision will not only be affected by the reactions of...

Literature illustrates the difficulties in obtaining the lowest-cost optimal solution to an ore blending problem for blast furnaces by using the traditional trial-and-error method in iron and steel enterprises. To solve this problem, we developed a cost optimization model which we have...