Economic theory does not have a formal model of how announcements of future policies affect economic performance, or how they could be used to manage expectations. In this paper, we show that, in general, the controllability conditions stated by Tinbergen continue to hold under rational...

In this paper we estimate a model where inflation, a measure of de facto central bank independence and an index of de facto exchange rate regime are simultaneously determined by a set of economic, political and institutional variables. De facto central bank independence is hampered by...