Germany, similar to other developed countries, witnessed a sharp decline in jobs that used to constitute the middle class in the 1970s and 1980s. This decline has been associated with the level to which jobs are codifiable. There is evidence that codifiable tasks are more prone to technological...

This study focuses on the risk of automation and its interaction with training and the use of skills at work. Building on the expert assessment carried out by Carl Frey and Michael Osborne in 2013, the paper estimates the risk of automation for individual jobs based on the Survey of Adult Skills...