Understanding when entrants might have an advantage over an industry’s incumbent firms in developing and adopting new technologies is a question which several scholars have explained in terms of technological capabilities or organizational dynamics. This paper proposes that the value...

It is common in R & D to identify and explore several approaches to a particular objective so that the best approach may be chosen. The outcome of any approach is uncertain; hence, it is difficult to choose the best one at an early date. To deal with this uncertainty, two or more approaches to...

Individual products may pass through life cycles of birth, growth, maturity and demise. But product categories and brands tend to follow cycles of evolution, rather than life cycles. The character of this evolution is determined by the cumulative changes in the attributes of individual new...