Investments in long-lived, fossil-fuel intensive infrastructure can have large effects on carbon emissions over a long future period. We simulate a 2-period model of infrastructure investment with subsequent retrofit to purge its carbon emissions, under uncertainty about climate and retrofit...

Large and energy-intensive infrastructure investments with long life times have substantial implications for climate policy. This study focuses on options to scale down energy consumption and carbon emissions now and in the future, and on the costs of doing so. Two ways carbon emissions can be...