Historically, a large majority of the newly elected members of the National Academy of Science (NAS) and the American Academy of Arts and Science (AAAS) were men. Within the past two decades, however, that situation has changed, and in the last 3 years women made up about 40 percent of the new...

We study how to promote compliance with rules that carry low penalties and are pervasive in all sorts of organizations. We have access to data on the users of all public libraries in Barcelona. In this setting, we test the effect of sending email messages with different contents. We find that...