Recently, various studies have used the Poisson Pseudo-Maximal Likehood (PML) to estimate gravity specifications of trade flows and non-count data models more generally. Some papers also report results based on the Negative Binomial Quasi-Generalised Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (NB QGPML)...

This paper studies the change in the distance elasticity of trade between 1948 and 2006. The elasticity sharply increased, when gravity equations are estimated by ordinary least squares in log form (log-OLS), while it was broadly stable or slightly increasing, depending on the specification,...

The economic situation of young people is unsatisfactory. Educational inequalities have been widening for over a decade, due to a sharp decline in the results of the most highly disadvantaged students. The unemployment rate for the 20-24 age bracket has not dropped below 16% for nearly 30 years....

Poor labour-market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace. Despite long working hours, labour...

The mission of the French High Commission for Pension Reform is to prepare the reform introducing a universal pension points system in France. This paper explains why implementing a universal points system in France would increase transparency, reduce inequality and generate efficiency gains for...

Le logement joue un rôle de premier plan dans l’économie de par son importance pour la dépense et le patrimoine des ménages, le bien-être, et aussi en raison de ses retombées sur les performances scolaires et l’emploi, et sur le cycle d’activité. Depuis un demi-siècle,...

Differences in promotion across genders are still prevalent in many occupations. Recent work based on experimental evidence indicates that women participate less in or exert lower effort during contests. We exploit the unique features of the promotion system for French academics to look at...