Chapter 1: The First Crisis 1949-1950 -- Chapter 2: The Second to Fourth Crises 1958-1976 -- Chapter 3: The Fifth to Seventh Crises 1978-1996 -- Chapter 4: The Eighth and Ninth Crises 1997 and 2008 -- Chapter 5: The Tenth Crisis 2013-the present.

On the basis of an understanding that the crises of core nations are being transferred to developing countries and thus globalized, this article highlights two issues, the ‘sovereignty externalities’ borne by developing countries and the ‘currency–strategy’ of...