Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here a probabilistic approach to examine the consequences of...

The contributions of this article are twofold. First, the performance of a widely used commercial real-time trading model is compared with the performance of systematic currency traders. Second, the real-time trading model is used to evaluate the statistical properties of foreign exchange rates....

Liquid markets generate hundreds or thousands of ticks (the minimum change in price a security can have, either up or down) every business day. Data vendors such as Reuters transmit more than 275,000 prices per day for foreign exchange spot rates alone. Thus, high-frequency data can be a...