We propose an ideal n-depth clique network model. In this model, the original network is composed of cliques (maximal complete subgraphs) that overlap with each other. The network expands continuously by the addition of new cliques. The final diameter of the network can be set in advance,...

Many real-world networks are embedded in spaces. Recent studies have found that spatial characteristics are closely related to network features. Bus transport networks (BTNs) are typical spatially embedded networks, but their spatial characteristics are commonly disregarded in previous...

Preferential attachment is considered one of the key factors in the formation of scale-free networks. However, complete random attachment without a preferential mechanism can also generate scale-free networks in nature, such as protein interaction networks in cells. This article presents a new...

Preferential attachment is considered as a fundamental mechanism that contributes to the scale-free characteristics of random networks, which include growth and non-growth networks. There exist some situations of non-growth random networks, particularly for very sparse or dense networks, where...