The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, and economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Turkey over the period of 1987Q1–2009Q4. The cointegration analyses suggest that...

In oil markets, the crack spread refers to the crude-product price relationship. Refiners are major participants in oil markets and they are primarily exposed to the crack spread. In other words, refiner activity is substantially driven by the objective of protecting the crack spread. Moreover,...