This paper analysises China’s optimal scale of foreign reserve during 1985‐2004 with single ratio and synthesis ratio. The single ratio analysis shows that China’s foreign reserve to import ratio has exceeded 40 per cent after foreign exchange rate united in 1994. The foreign reserve to...

This paper used data from 50 enterprises in China’s iron and steel industry to evaluate their energy efficiency and productivity change. The study first used a conventional data envelopment analysis model and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to measure the energy efficiency and...