Transportation industry is a fairly large industry in today's globalised world, and has significant effect too. Each and every big or small industry is bound to use the transportation facilities or logistics. The main problems in this logistics operation are optimising the cost, time, distance...

This article presents a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network design problem consisting of both forward and reverse material flows. Here, a four-echelon single-product system is introduced in which multiple transportation channels are considered between the nodes of each echelon. Each design...

In many multi-stage manufacturing supply chains, transportation related costs are a significant portion of final product costs. It is often crucial for successful decision making approaches in multi-stage manufacturing supply chains to explicitly account for non-linear transportation costs. In...