Magnesium (Mg) alloys are suitable materials for weight reduction in vehicles because of their low density of 1.7g/cm3 and high specific strength. The effect of Mg substitution for conventional steel parts in a vehicle on total energy consumption and CO2 emissions was evaluated through life...

Energy consumption has increased remarkably over the past half century mainly due to increasing population and economic development. The influences of these two factors are considered. In most developed countries, such as Japan, France, Germany and Korea, the growth rate of energy consumption is...

This paper presents a new concept of 'value" which is developed in the author's general equilibrium framework (1988a). A traditional concept of labor value and a relatively new concept of commodity value are uniformly shown from this "value" as its normalized forms. A so-called fundamental...

The thoroughly revised second edition of this authoritative Handbook, complete with new chapters, comprehensively examines the current status and future directions of model-based systems in decision support and their application to sustainable development planning.

I Evidence -- 1 In the Beginning was Definition of Money -- 2 Your Money is Someone’s Debt -- 3 Debt Money System is Design Failure -- II Analysis -- 4 Debt Money System is Debt End ! -- 5 Collapse of the Mainstream Economics -- 6 Paradigm Shift in Macroeconomics -- 7 Mathematical Analysis of...

Money stock, defined as the sum of coins, notes, demand and time deposits, decisively affects macroeconomic variables such as GDP and price. Yet its true nature has been obscured in economics. Where does it come from? How are they created, and how much? Concerning money creation under the...

In the early stages of economic development, the migration of unskilled workers contributes to labor-intensive manufacturing production. In middle-income countries, however, the migration of skilled workers becomes the more important factor in economic progress. Evaluating the skill content of...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how the intakes of calories, proteins, and fats vary with income in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach – Annual time series data for 43 countries covering 1975-2009 that yields a balanced panel was employed for analysis....