European health care systems are facing diverse challenges. In health policy, strong primary care is seen as key to deal with these challenges. European countries differ in how strong their primary care systems are. Two groups of traditionally weak primary care systems are distinguished. First a...

[fre] Lorsque les modalités de réponse à une question d'évaluation subjective sont utilisées différemment par des répondants, on dit que celles-ci sont affectées par un « biais d'item » ou par un effet de type DIF (Differential Item Functioning). Les réponses doivent alors être...

Objectives Since 2006 France experiences an innovative version of Gate-keeping which aims at regulating access to outpatient specialist care. We describe the reform's initial objectives, the political pathway which lead to the implementation of a reshaped reform and discuss the first outcomes...