In voting theory, monotonicity is the axiom that an improvement in the ranking of a candidate by voters cannot cause a candidate who would otherwise win to lose. The participation axiom states that the sincere report of a voter’s preferences cannot cause an outcome that the voter regards as...

Rapoport, Felsenthal and Maoz (1988) have proposed three alternative methods to discern the fair proportion of seats that a party in a representative assembly ought to receive as a function of voters' preference orderings. All three methods assume that the ratio between the number of voters...

This paper offers a procedure for specifying probabilities for students to select answers on a multiple-choice test that, unlike previous procedures, satisfies all three of the following structural consistency conditions: (1) for any student, the sum over questions of the probabilities that the...