Low-temperature aluminizing coating was prepared onto the surface of oil casing steel N80 with a magnetron-sputtered Al film to improve its corrosion resistance. Results show that magnetron-sputtered Al film is able to form gradient aluminide coating, composed of iron aluminide FeAl3, Fe2Al5 and...

In order to analyze the electric-power demand and supply in China efficiently, this paper presents a Grey–Markov forecasting model to forecast the electric-power demand in China. This method takes into account the general trend series and random fluctuations about original time-series data. It...

SiC coating for carbon/carbon composites was prepared by pack cementation method. The effects of coating process on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of C/C composites were analyzed by SEM and three-point bending test, respectively. As the infiltrated Si improved the interfaces...

Virtual enterprises (VEs) are essential components of global manufacturing. Minimizing risk is the key problems to overcome in order to ensure the success of a VE. The operation of VE is always organized by project mode and there are many uncertain factors that are fuzzy in VE. This paper...

A large proportion of consumer returns fall into the category of false failure returns, which refer to returns without functional defects. In this paper, we consider profits resulting from exerting costly effort to reduce false failure returns in a reverse supply chain. The supply chain as a...

This paper investigates optimal strategies of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with dual recycling channel, within which the manufacturer sells products via the retailer in the forward supply chain, while the retailer and the third party competitively collect used products in the reverse supply...

As fourth party logistics (4PL) has the power to integrate the supply chain, from the beginning of the 21st century, it has attracted more and more attention in many fields. As one of the most important aspects in 4PL, the fourth party logistics routing problem (4PLRP) is very difficult to solve...