The Non-Observed Economy (NOE) vs. the Shadow Economy (SE) display large discrepancies throughout the European Union transition countries, in particular in Poland. A tractable taxonomy of unobserved activities is designed according to both definition and scope. Direct measurements from tax...

Purpose: This paper aims to address the following research question: Is loan funding to female entrepreneurs in Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco affected by self-selection from borrowers or/and discrimination from lenders? This paper sheds light on empirical literature review, which displays mixed...

[fre] Le statut de loi que Marx confère à son énoncé s'avère ambigu dans la mesure où il se déploie au sein de différents espaces relativement étanches (ceux des biens, des valeurs, et des prix). . Les controverses portent sur les principales contre tendances — la croissance du taux...

Leading scholars examine recent evidence from theoretical and empirical research on tax compliance and tax evasion, and provide an in-depth analysis of underlying methods. Strategies to fight tax evasion are evaluated and the motivations behind it are explored, as are the impact and size of the...

[fre] Les notions connexes de développement endogène et de technologies appropriées mettent l'accent sur la satisfaction des besoins essentiels et s'opposent à la croissance mimétique exclusivement fondée sur le transfert. [eng] Self-reliance and appropriate technologies in rural areas -...