Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to derive an empirical method to identify different types of training strategies of companies based on publicly available company data. Design/methodology/approach – Using a ten-year panel, the within-firm retention rate, defined as the average...

This paper analyses the impact of increasing the share of apprentices at the cost of the share of unskilled or semi-skilled employees on establishment performance. We use representative matched employer-employee panel data and correct for estimation biases. We show that an increase of the...

In establishments with a works council and 200 and more employees, the Works Council Act requires the paid leave of absence of one works councillor, subjected to collective bargaining and works agreements. This paper analyses the de-facto distribution of this legal provision and shows that the...