Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the endogenous relationship between production specialisation and market commercialisation with an empirical study of farmers in Northwest China. Design/methodology/approach The three-stage least squares were used to address simultaneity and...

Substantial initiatives are occurring in developing countries to integrate forage crops into crop–livestock systems to improve farmer livelihoods and reduce soil erosion. In particular, government authorities in western China focus on improving farmer livestock profits through greater forage...

Simulation models can help to identify the whole-farm economic and biophysical impacts of smallholder farmers altering their farming systems. Incorporating long-term climate-induced variability in crop and livestock production enables the implications for agricultural household income and risk...