The Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC) is the key piece of EU legislation for combating discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin and for giving effect to the principle of equal treatment. The directive, adopted a decade ago, has brought about the introduction of new or the...

Securing the fundamental rights of migrants in an irregular situation - those who do not fulfil conditions for entry, stay or residence in a European Union (EU) Member State - remains a challenge. Such migrants are at high risk of exploitation in the labour market, often filling market gaps by...

Migrants in an irregular situation in the European Union (EU), namely those who do not fulfil conditions for entry, stay or residence, often suffer from specific health risks, such as those resulting from exploitative working conditions or precarious housing. As EU Member States, faced with an...

This research project aims to shed light on the experience of multiple discrimination in healthcare. It looks at how 'multiple' discrimination is legally addressed and examines relevant case law with a special focus on healthcare. It also explores healthcare users' and professionals' views and...

Each year, hundreds of men, women and children board overcrowded and ill-equipped boats in an attempt to reach Europe, a phenomenon that started in the late 1980s after European countries tightened immigration policies and made it more difficult to enter such countries in a regular way. This FRA...

Discrimination and intolerance persist in the European Union (EU) despite the best efforts of Member States to root them out, FRA research shows. Verbal abuse, physical attacks and murders motivated by prejudice target EU society in all its diversity, from visible minorities to those with...

Europeans can and should take pride in the richness of Europe's national identities and the diversity of its ethnic minorities, while remaining mindful that this growing diversity - this richness - must be managed with due respect and care. Recent developments in European Union (EU) law and the...

Equal recognition of persons before the law is a long-established human rights principle. Nevertheless, legal frameworks in many EU Member States allow for the legal capacity of persons with intellectual disabilities and persons with mental health problems to be restricted or removed under...

This report deals with deprivation of liberty of irregular migrants pending return. The grounds for any deprivation of liberty must be set forth in law in a clear and exhaustive manner. Even when based on legitimate grounds, detention has to fulfil additional requirements in order not to be...

Most European Union (EU) Member States have memorial sites and museums that both preserve the memory of the Holocaust and encourage visitors, in particular young people, to reflect on current human rights issues. In this handbook, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) provides...