For several decades, scholars have developed methods for solving optimization problems which emerge in economics, econometrics, operations research, and other disciplines. A considerable effort has been made to construct equations from which constraints can be derived, but surprisingly little...

This book operationalizes the idea of political representation, which is fundamental to modern democracies. Both individual representatives and representative bodies are evaluated using the indices of popularity (the average percentage of the population whose opinion is represented on topical...

I Opening Speech -- Opening Remarks: A Retrospection over 35 Years of Work -- II Keynote Addresses -- Decision Models and Preferences: The Pioneering Contributions of Ragnar Frisch -- Experiments with Preference Functions -- III Representation of Preferences by Objective Functions -- On the...

1 Different Ways of Aggregation of Preferences -- 1.1 Aggregation of Preferences as a Voting Problem -- 1.2 Aggregation of Preferences by a Majority Rule -- 1.3 Aggregation of Preferences with Account of Degree of Preference -- 1.4 Ordinal and Cardinal Approaches to Aggregation of Preferences --...

History: Athenian Democracy -- Echoes of Democracy in Ancient Rome -- Revival of Democracy in Italian Mediaval City-Republics -- Enlightenment and the End of Traditional Democracy -- Modernity and Schism in Understanding Democracy -- Theory: Direct Democracy -- Dictatorship and Democracy --...