Following the earlier work of SMAILES, 1944, and SMITH, 1968, the changing urban hierarchy of England has been plotted for 1913, 1938, 1965 and 1998, using two alternative composite measures: an urban hierarchy embodying a number of different measures of urbanity; and a retail hierarchy based on...

The impact of transport on the environment is a major issue of worldwide concern. This important new book presents state-of-the-art contributions on spatial and technological aspects of transport in relation to environmental degradation, together with analysis of sustainable transport policy.

Continuing growth in travel has led to concerns about the environment and sustainability, and hence the need to attempt to reduce travel, particularly by car. This paper considers the types of travel reduction strategy available, in terms of the implicit mechanisms of switching or substitution...