Surveys in the social sciences often employ rating scales anchored by response category labels such as “strongly (dis)agree” or “completely (dis)agree.” Although these labels may exert a systematic influence on responses since they are common to all items, academic research on the effect...

Measurement is at the core of empirical research in marketing because researchers need measures that faithfully represent the constructs in their theories. This 19th volume of Review of Marketing Research addresses important measurement issues to deepen readers' appreciation of the fundamental...