The coherent risk measure Expected Shortfall is popularly considered as an alternative to Value-at-Risk. We briefly review all existing parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate Expected Shortfall. The historical method is considered as the best method of estimation for the Expected...

Recent agenda-setting exercises in the national innovation systems and industrial dynamics literatures have highlighted the unresolved methodological challenges faced by those seeking to explore the innovation process in a co-evolutionary perspective. The paper seeks to contribute to this debate...