Following a short introduction, consideration is given (section II) to a model, developed by Becker (1968), that attempts to describe the generation of, and optimum punishment for, illegal activity. It is shown that this model has no optimum finite solution for the case where punishment is...

This paper assembles data at the all-India level and for the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to document the growing importance, and influence, of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The suggestion from the combined National Sample Survey and...