Purpose: In spite of the certain risk imposed by financial stress on the real economy, the relationship between financial stress and economic activity is complicated and underresearched, meaning that important gaps still remain in the authors’ understanding of this critical relationship....

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the stochastic convergence of the per capita CO2 emissions among the top four crude oil exporter countries, namely, Canada, Iraq, Russia and Saudi Arabia, from 1960 to 2017. Assessing the stationarity and unit root properties of the environmental series in...