The mean work required to drive a bistable system from one equilibrium state to another is calculated by using a Langevin simulation combined with Monte Carlo sampling. The resulting work depends not only on the proposal form but also on the temperature, because the particle subjected to thermal...

Under the influence of national economic reform and development, China has changed the way that it finances healthcare from a government-based system to a more market-oriented system. China has done this without a sophisticated healthcare payment system, and this has resulted in the rapid growth...

Using three cross‐sectional data sets, the determinants of occupational upgrading over time for mobile workers in the United States are analysed. The model controls for the self‐selection of mobile workers over the course of the business cycle. The results indicate a trend towards greater...