In this chapter, we present fragments of previously unpublished correspondence between Ludwig Lachmann and G. L. S. Shackle on the nature of institutions. This correspondence allows us to rationally reconstruct a theory of institutions, which extends Lachmann’s theoretical work. Shackle...

This paper analyzes the reasons why Jan Tinbergen was initially hostile to European integration, which he regarded as a poor substitute for an international order. His conviction had three important sources. First his coming of age in The Hague, a government city in a small open country the...