This study examines an airline firm's adoption of a hub-spoke network or a point-to-point network when considering network effects from the demand side and the heterogeneity of passengers' time value. The results of this study reveal the following: If the time value for leisure passengers is...

We investigate a multi-market Cournot model with strategic process research and development (R&D) investments wherein a multi-market firm meets new competitors that enter one of the markets. We show that entry can enhance the total R&D expenditures of the multi-market firm. Moreover, the...

type="main" <p>Cross-border consumption has become more popular, prompting a growing interest in the problems related to international trade. At the same time, trans-boundary air pollution has become a major environmental problem, meriting increased attention in environmental economics literature....</p>

The analyses presented herein use the undercut-proof equilibrium, a new equilibrium concept for price competition with product differentiation, to illustrate whether it is socially optimal for an airline to form a network freely. The results show that an excessive network is formed if the...