The recent concurrent surges of food and commodity prices renew the debate on the causal directions between producer and consumer prices. To address this issue, we utilize the stage of processing system incorporating retail stage beyond crude, intermediate, and finished processing stages of food...

Although most U.S. tree nuts have very specific and different uses, some substitutability does occur, complicating the price analysis in the tree nut market. We examine the relationships among U.S. tree nut prices using the Johansens cointegration procedure. We found long run equilibrium among...