volatility of the real exchange rate. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that our model can rationalize more than 97% of … both persistence and volatility of the real exchange rate. Our analysis suggests that the purchasing price parity puzzle …

Throughout Pakistans history, policy has sought to promote exports through government support and incentives. The …, over the long run, the export financing scheme had a negative effect on exports while the rebate/refund scheme affected … exports insignificantly. Subsidy schemes clearly do not seem to work, yet they have been retained for many years. …

The lag in innovation in Italy vis-�-vis the other main industrial countries is one of the effects of the … suitable than debt for financing innovation, is less common than in other countries. Public incentives for firms have had … modest results. To enhance the capacity for innovation some actions should be taken to help firms grow, adopt a more …

. Equity is a preferable source of external finance for innovation than debt. It does not require collateral, does not …

low by international standards and Italian firms take out only a small number of patents. External sources of innovation … different innovation sources increases the probability of collaboration; and that proximity is more important for small- and …

The paper describes the innovation strategies of a representative sample of Italian firms participating to the Bank of … able to influence the firms� decision of undertaking the innovation process. Even though R&D expenditure and innovation … extent with the firms� ability to introduce an innovation. Moreover, exporting firms have a higher propensity both to …

This paper explores the “black box†of innovation in the electronics production network in East Asia through a … foreign ownership and innovation in increasing the probability of exporting in electronics. Higher levels of skills, managersâ … of innovation than the research and development (R&D) to sales ratio. Accordingly, technological effort in electronics in …