There are two contrasting evaluations of the conduct of Japan's monetary policy since the early 1990s. One is that monetary policy has not been easy enough to promote economic recovery in Japan. The other is that since monetary policy has already been substantially eased, further easing would...

Using the FRB/Global model on Japanese monetary policy in the early 1990s, Ahearne et al. (2002) argued that deflation could have been avoided in Japan if the BOJ had lowered short-term interest rates by a further 250 basis points at any time between 1991 and early-1995 as "insurance against...

In recent years, an increasing number of central banks use macro stress-testing as a main tool to assess the robustness of the financial system against severe stresses to the economy, such as deep recessions and sharp rises in interest rates. This paper describes a framework for macro...

In this paper, we empirically analyze the interaction between the distortions in the real side of the economy (real distortion) and those in the financial side of the economy (financial distortion) in Japan after the 1990s. We focus on protracted economic stagnation after the bursting of the...

The primary objective of the Bank of Japan (BOJ) in conducting monetary policy is to promote sustainable growth by achieving price stability. The price stability that needs to be achieved is regarded as not just short-term and temporary, but sustainable in the medium to long term, which is the...