population by studying the effects of pensions on the decisions of black Union Army veterans. I find that blacks were 2 to 5 … choice of independent living arrangements. I argue that blacks' greater poverty explains their responsiveness to pensions. My … retirement rates of both blacks and whites rose between 1900 and 1930 but that convergence in black and white rates and in living …

Differentials between blacks and whites in birth weights and prematurity and stillbirth rates have been persistent over …