protection implied when crossing a border fell from 180 to 89\% for this same sample. While tariffs still have an influence on …

developed countries (LDCs), both directly and through the price-depressing effect of agricultural support policies. High tariffs … the impact of a 50 percent cut in tariffs and a 50 cut in domestic support for LDCs as compared to non-LDC developing …

agricultural tariffs, industrial tariffs, and revenue tariffs, for a sample of relatively well-developed countries between 1875 and … 1913. Industrial tariffs were positively correlated with growth. Agricultural tariffs were negatively correlated with … between revenue tariffs and growth. …

distinguish between productivity gains arising from lower tariffs on final goods relative to those on intermediate inputs. Lower … output tariffs can produce productivity gains by inducing tougher import competition whereas cheaper imported inputs can … tariffs. A 10 percentage point fall in output tariffs increases productivity by about 1%, whereas an equivalent fall in input …

tariff choices under two distinct environments. One is that of tariffs set under the Escape Clause (section 201 of the US …

This paper examines the welfare effects of partial trade liberalization when trade is restricted by tariffs, quotas or … (using a new geometric technique) in both small and large open economies. A general expression for shadow prices of factors …

applicable to both tariffs and quotas and allows international and intertemporal comparisons. The index is operational and we …