explained by the differing average characteristics of male and female academics and barriers to female promotion. Preliminary … to female promotion is revealed. …

the same rate as men, but receive smaller wage increases consequent upon promotion. These facts contradict the … conventional view that 'glass ceilings' limit the promotion of women. They are consistent with our new 'sticky floors' model of …

may lead to women meeting tougher promotion standards than men. If employers expect women to do more household work than … men and by that exert less effort in the paid job, the more talented she must be to make promotion profitable. Moreover …