consumers dislike pricing schemes that vary prices more but that they are willing to trade off price variation and rationing …

'equilibrium' must involve rationing. …

is market-clearing. The other feasible trading institutions lead to rationing. To learn on which trading institutions to … the choice of institutions, market outcomes are determined by an equilibrium concept that allows for rationing. We find … that full coordination on the market-clearing institutions without any rationing is a stochastically stable outcome …

the United Kingdom, we argue that IPO underpricing is used to ensure over-subscription and rationing in the share … evidence in the paper suggests that rationing in the IPO discriminates against applicants who apply for large blocks, and that …

Setting a price that results in rationing may be optimal for a seller whose customers must make a specific investment … to be able to use his product. Although rationing results in <MI>ex post<D> inefficiency, the resulting distribution of … higher profits than with market-clearing prices. Committing to a single price, and rationing if there is excess demand, can …

crunch’ — where capital flows are curtailed because of supply-side rationing — and to relate these instances to movements in …

, with outside banks forced to resort to rationing practices to avoid attracting the worse borrowers. To support this …

techniques for identifying if and when consumers are rationed and for taking account of rationing in the estimation of demand … in which import restrictions on footwear led to rationing and suggest that even if prices did not rise to clear the …