that a jus sanguinis origin is a factor of resistance to change, that a high degree of democracy promotes the adoption of … jus soli elements while the instability of state borders associated with decolonization impedes it, and that cultural …

establishment of democracy, the welfare burden, cultural factors and colonial history. …

evaluate separately the impact of political institutions linked to democracy and suffrage and of those institutions more …

unrest or revolution, and this may force the elite to democratize. Democracy may not consolidate because it is more … redistributive than a nondemocratic regime, and this gives the elite an incentive to mount a coup. Because inequality makes democracy … more costly for the elite, highly unequal societies are less likely to consolidate democracy and may end up oscillating …

Regimes controlled by a rich elite often collapse and make way for democracy amidst widespread social unrest. Such … therefore be forced to choose between repression and the most generous concession, a transition to full democracy. …