We document a sharp reversal in electoral participation between the North and the South of Italy after the 1912 … the new gap is never bridged over the following century and participation remains lower in the South despite the … is affected by private benefits and by civic duty, only elites can grab private benefits from participation in politics …

We provide evidence that a history of democracy at the local level is associated with contemporary democracy at the … national level. Auxiliary estimates show that a tradition of local democracy is also associated with attitudes that favor … democracy, with better quality institutions, and higher level of economic development. …

We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under an individualistic and a collectivist culture. The … culture are more likely to end up adopting democracy faster than countries with a collectivist culture. Our instrumental … democracy, even after controlling for other determinants of democracy emphasized in the literature. We also give evidence that …

women experience about the effects of maternal employment on children outcomes may increase female labor force participation …

household production and less participation in the labor market of women, young adult and elderly. They are correlated with … lower interest and participation in political activities and prefer labor market regulation and welfare systems based upon …