subject to cost benefit analysis, based on the existence of an identified market failure and monitored for performance and … cost effectiveness. Transparency and accountability are critical in ensuring that interventions accomplish their intended …

specifically, The aim of this paper is to formally examine two opposing forces, standardization and efficiency on the one hand, and …

‘Regulatory protection’ or technical barriers to trade (TBT) are two names for the myriad of cost-raising, behind … (which are naturally subject to more regulations and standards), so the discrimination may have an 'escalating' feature, much …

Because standards and regulations respond to a society's demand for specific public goods, we expect them to be shaped … standards should be equal in different societies. This paper studies the interaction between standards and international trade …. It shows that although standards can be used to manipulate trade flows, there is no logical connection between standards …

Traditional analyses of standards in international trade identify standards as government regulations and investigate … the determination of technical standards. The composition of these groups is affected by technology and market conditions … harmonization ‘from the bottom’. If standards are public goods whose ideal value differs across economic activities and across …

Empirical scholarship on the standards-trade relationship has been held up due to methodological challenges … multiple (quality-signaling, information/compliance-cost, and common-language) channels, and using instrumental variable …-poor nations find ISO 9000 to represent a trade barrier due to compliance-cost effects. …