differentiation. This is in contrast to the original Hotelling model with linear travel costs where a pure-strategy subgame …

Because standards and regulations respond to a society's demand for specific public goods, we expect them to be shaped … standards should be equal in different societies. This paper studies the interaction between standards and international trade …. It shows that although standards can be used to manipulate trade flows, there is no logical connection between standards …

Traditional analyses of standards in international trade identify standards as government regulations and investigate … the determination of technical standards. The composition of these groups is affected by technology and market conditions … harmonization ‘from the bottom’. If standards are public goods whose ideal value differs across economic activities and across …

(which are naturally subject to more regulations and standards), so the discrimination may have an 'escalating' feature, much …