Existing theories of pre-emptive war typically predict that the leading country may choose to launch a war on a … was Japan who launched a war against the West in 1941, not the West that pre-emptively attacked Japan. Similarly, many … have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …

answer is less. Three centuries of history show unambiguously that economic isolation caused by war or autarkic policy has …Poor countries are more volatile than rich countries, and we know this volatility impedes their growth. We also know … that commodity price volatility is a key source of those shocks. This paper explores commodity and manufactures prices over …

resulting volatility can induce risk-averse transactors who face transaction costs to desert these markets altogether. Thus … thinness and the consequent price volatility may become joint self-perpetuating features of an equity market, whatever the … volatility of asset fundamentals. If, however, appropriate incentive schemes are adopted to encourage entry of additional …

to an end. This paper offers evidence that the decrease in output volatility still remains in force despite the GR and …

velocity volatility at both business cycle and long run frequencies. With filtered velocity turning negative, starting during …